Key Telecom Sectors. Investing in Telecommunications. Evaluating Telecom Companies. Big Players in Telecommunications. Telecommunications ETFs. Outlook for the Telecom Sector. The Bottom Line. Key Takeaways The telecommunications sector consists of companies that transmit data in words, voice, audio, or video across the globe. Telecom equipment, telecom services, and wireless communication are the three basic sub-sectors of telecommunications.
Telecom has become increasingly focused on video, text, and data, as opposed to voice. Telecommunications companies can appeal to both growth- and income-oriented investors.
Although individual stocks can be quite volatile, the telecom sector overall has exhibited stable long-term growth, as telecommunications has become an increasingly important basic industry, impervious to business cycles. Article Sources. Investopedia requires writers to use primary sources to support their work. These include white papers, government data, original reporting, and interviews with industry experts. We also reference original research from other reputable publishers where appropriate.
You can learn more about the standards we follow in producing accurate, unbiased content in our editorial policy. Compare Accounts. The offers that appear in this table are from partnerships from which Investopedia receives compensation.
This compensation may impact how and where listings appear. Investopedia does not include all offers available in the marketplace. Related Articles. Partner Links. Average revenue per unit ARPU measures the amount of money that a company earns for each customer. Learn how telecoms and media companies use ARPU. Communication Industry ETF Definition A communication industry ETF invests in securities specializing in communication, including telecommunications, media, and internet companies.
What Is Broadband? Broadband refers to various high-capacity technologies that transmit data, voice, and video across long distances and at high speeds. Energy Sector Definition The energy sector is a category of stocks that relate to producing or supplying energy, i. Investopedia is part of the Dotdash publishing family. Your Privacy Rights. To change or withdraw your consent choices for Investopedia. At any time, you can update your settings through the "EU Privacy" link at the bottom of any page.
These choices will be signaled globally to our partners and will not affect browsing data. We and our partners process data to: Actively scan device characteristics for identification. For information about the state and local taxes listed on your telephone bill, you should contact your local and state taxation offices.
These offices may be listed in the government section of your telephone directory. Telecommunications Relay Service - Charges to help pay for relay services that transmit and translate calls for people with hearing or speech disabilities. Directory Assistance - Any charges for placing or area code directory assistance calls. Monthly Calling Plan Charge - Charge applicable to any monthly calling plan such as unlimited long distance calling on your wireline bill or unlimited minutes on your wireless bill.
Rates for these calls generally are higher than rates for unassisted calls. Treat your telephone service like any other major purchase. Review monthly telephone bills just as closely as you review your monthly credit card and bank statements. Carefully read all forms and promotional materials- including all fine print- before signing up for telephone services. If you change service providers, companies must send you a welcome packet within 10 days confirming service.
Fathom Dynamic Data. Graph Theory. Aqua Data Studio 2. Jupyter Notebook. Octave Programming. R Studio. Sigma Plot. SQL Workbench. Get Instant Course Help. Get Free Quote. What is Telecommunication? Functions and components. Specify and purchase the type of cable that best meets your needs. Remember, "in telecommunications, there is no single solution for all requirements!!!
Loose tube cables are primarily used in outside plant applications. They are designed to protect the fibers from damage stretching and kinking that might result from an overly aggressive cable puller. The tube arrangement also allows for easier transition to fiber drops at buildings or communication cabinets. The fiber strands float within the buffer tubes and are not part of the cable structure. Loose tube cables are ideal for metropolitan and long distance cable installations. Tight buffer cables are specified for inside plant use.
These types of cables are designed for use within a controlled environment such as a building or inside plant equipment cabinets. Because the cable is used within a building the cable it requires less physical protection and has greater flexibility. The fibers within the cable are susceptible to damage from aggressive cable pulls because the fiber strands are part of the cable structure.
The strands are tightly bound in a central bundle within the outer cable sheath. Fibers are assembled into either stranded or ribbon cables.
Stranded cables are individual fibers that are bundled together. Ribbon cable is constructed by grouping up to 12 fibers and coating them with plastic to form a multi fiber ribbon. Stranded and ribbon fiber bundles can be packaged together into either loose or tight buffering cable. Fiber strands are produced in two basic varieties: Multimode and Single mode. Each variety is used to facilitate specific requirements of the communication system. Multimode is optical fiber that is designed to carry multiple light rays or modes concurrently, each at a slightly different reflection angle within the optical fiber core.
Multimode fiber transmission is used for relatively short distances because the modes tend to disperse over longer lengths this is called modal dispersion. Multimode fiber is used for requirements of less than 15, feet. Multimode fiber became available during the early 's and is still being used in many older systems. With the advances in fiber technology and the number of product choices available, multimode fiber is almost never deployed for new systems.
There are mechanical devices available that accommodate a transition from multimode fiber to single mode fiber. Single mode is optical fiber that is designed for the transmission of a single ray or mode of light as a carrier. Single mode fiber has a much smaller core than multimode fiber.
Single mode fiber is produced in several variations. The variations are designed to facilitate very long distances, and the transmission of multiple light frequencies within a single light ray. Single mode fiber is generally manufactured with core diameters between 7 and 9 microns.
Note: SMF is a trademarked nomenclature of Corning Cable, that has become a generic term used to describe an all purpose single mode fiber.
Nearly all traffic signal and freeway management systems will use an all purpose single mode fiber. Fiber optic product characteristics are in a constant state of change. Investigate before finalizing system specifications. The Resource Section of this handbook contains a list of fiber optic cable manufacturers and their web sites. During the past 10 years, a number of variants of single mode fiber have been developed.
Some of the fibers are used for long distance systems, and others are used for metropolitan systems. Each of these has been developed with special characteristics designed to enhance performance for a specific purpose.
Freeway Management and Traffic Signal Control would be considered — from a communications perspective — as general purpose systems. Designers of Transportation Management Systems using fiber should strongly consider specifying SMF type single mode fiber. This fiber is very available and normally is lowest in price. Fiber optic cable is priced on the basis of strand feet. A 5, foot cable with two fiber strands is 10, fiber strand feet.
A 5, foot cable with 24 fibers is , strand feet. Therefore, when purchasing fiber optic cable, it is always best to consider potential system additions in order to incur a lower overall materials cost. Remember, price per fiber strand foot is not the only factor to consider in overall system costs.
Items not included in this calculation are the costs associated with splicing, optimization and engineering. Single mode fiber has a very small core causing light to travel in a straight line and typically has a core size of 8 to 10 microns.
It has theoretically unlimited bandwidth capacity, that can be transmitted for very long distances 40 to 60 miles. Multimode fiber supports multiple paths of light and has a much larger core — 50 or Because multimode fibers are five to six times the diameter of single mode, transmitted light will travel along multiple paths, or modes within the fiber. Multimode fiber can be manufactured in two ways: step-index or graded index.
Step-index fiber has an abrupt change or step between the index of refraction of the core and the index of refraction of the cladding. Multimode step-index fibers have lower bandwidth capacity than graded index fibers. Graded index fiber was designed to reduce modal dispersion inherent in step index fiber.
Modal dispersion occurs as light pulses travel through the core along higher and lower order modes. Graded index fiber is made up of multiple layers with the highest index of refraction at the core.
Each succeeding layer has a gradually decreasing index of refraction as the layers move away from the center. High order modes enter the outer layers of the cladding and are reflected back towards the core.
Multimode graded index fibers have less attenuation loss of the output pulse and have higher bandwidth than multimode step-index fibers. Single mode fibers are not affected by modal dispersion because light travels a single path. Single mode step-index fibers experience light pulse stretching and shrinking via chromatic dispersion.
Chromatic dispersion happens when a pulse of light contains more than one wavelength. Wavelengths travel at different speeds, causing the pulse to spread. Dispersion can also occur when the optical signal gets out of the core and into the cladding, causing shrinking of the total pulse. Single mode shifted fiber uses multiple layers of core and cladding to reduce dispersion.
Dispersion shifted fibers have low attenuation loss , longer transmission distances, and higher bandwidth. Table of Contents. Figure RJ Connector. Figure Twisted Pair Cable. Figure Co-Axial Cable Illustration.
0コメント